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Nystagmus: Involuntary Eye Movements
Nystagmus refers to rapid, involuntary movements of the eyes, typically in a back-and-forth or rotary motion. These movements can be horizontal, vertical, or rotational, and may occur in one or both eyes.
 
Causes of Nystagmus
The causes of nystagmus are diverse and can include:
 
Congenital causes: Some people are born with nystagmus. This type is often due to neurological problems or developmental eye disorders.
Acquired causes: Nystagmus can develop later in life as a result of diseases, injuries, or neurological disorders. Common causes include:
Brain disorders: Such as multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, or stroke
Vision disorders: Like cataracts, corneal problems, or eye muscle disorders
Medications: Certain medications may cause nystagmus as a side effect
Infections: Infections of the brain or central nervous system
Head trauma: Severe head injuries can cause nystagmus
 
Types of Nystagmus
Nystagmus is classified into several types based on the direction of eye movement, speed, and pattern. Some common types include:
 
Physiological nystagmus: This type occurs in certain situations, such as staring at a fixed point for a long time or looking up or down, and is usually normal.
Pathological nystagmus: This type is caused by an underlying disease or disorder and is usually permanent.
 
Symptoms of Nystagmus
The main symptoms of nystagmus include:
 
Rapid, involuntary eye movements: These movements may be subtle or severe.
Blurred vision: Due to the constant movement of the eyes, individuals may have difficulty focusing on a single point and experience blurred vision.
Dizziness: Some people with nystagmus may experience dizziness or imbalance.
Difficulty tracking moving objects: Due to involuntary eye movements, individuals may struggle to follow moving objects.
 
Diagnosis of Nystagmus
To diagnose nystagmus, an eye specialist will use various methods, such as examining eye movements, assessing visual fields, and performing imaging tests like MRI or CT scans to determine the underlying cause.
 
Treatment of Nystagmus
Treatment for nystagmus depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, treating the underlying condition can improve or reduce symptoms. In cases where the underlying cause cannot be treated, supportive therapies such as special glasses or surgery may be used to improve vision and reduce symptoms.
 
 

 

World Hepatitis Day 2024

A Silent Threat, It Is Time to Action

A Silent Threat, It's Time to Action - World Hepatitis Day 2024

The World Health Organization has designated July 28th as World Hepatitis Day to raise awareness about this disease, encourage vaccination, promote early diagnosis, and facilitate effective treatment for hepatitis. Early detection of hepatitis is crucial as prompt treatment can prevent the disease from progressing to cirrhosis or liver cancer.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated July 28th as World Hepatitis Day to raise global awareness about hepatitis, a group of infectious liver diseases. The day aims to encourage vaccination, promote early diagnosis, and facilitate effective treatment.
Early detection of hepatitis is crucial as prompt treatment can prevent the disease from progressing to cirrhosis or liver cancer. The ultimate goal is to reduce new hepatitis cases by 90% and hepatitis-related deaths by 65% by 2030. Reflecting this ambition, the WHO's slogan for 2024 is "It's time to action."
 
What is Hepatitis?
Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver. This inflammation can be caused by viruses, chemicals, medications, or certain autoimmune diseases. The most common types of hepatitis are viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis A, B, and C viruses.
 
Consequences of Hepatitis
The widespread prevalence of hepatitis can impose a significant economic burden on governments and communities. The high costs associated with treatment and the decreased productivity of the workforce can negatively impact a country's economic growth. Furthermore, individuals living with hepatitis may face long-term health problems and a reduced quality of life.
 
Transmission of Hepatitis
Hepatitis A: Transmitted through contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person.
Hepatitis B: Transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, such as unprotected sex or sharing needles.
Hepatitis C: Primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood, such as injecting drugs with contaminated needles or receiving contaminated blood products.
 
Symptoms of Hepatitis
While symptoms can vary, common signs of hepatitis include:
Extreme fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Dark urine
Pale stools
 
Prevention and Treatment
To combat hepatitis:
Vaccination: Effective vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B.
Testing: Regular testing for early detection.
Safe behaviors: Practicing good hygiene, using condoms, and avoiding sharing needles.
Education: Raising public awareness.
Support: Providing support for those living with hepatitis.
Treatment for hepatitis depends on the specific virus and stage of the disease. While some cases resolve on their own, antiviral medications are available for hepatitis B and C.
 
Conclusion
Despite the challenges, the future of the fight against hepatitis is promising. Advancements in diagnosis, treatment, the development of new vaccines, and increased public awareness are all contributing to improving the lives of those affected by hepatitis. With global cooperation and investment, we can significantly reduce the burden of hepatitis by 2030.
 
who.int
cdc.gov
 
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